Harley davidson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harley davidson - Essay Example this mission by providing to the motorcyclists and the general public with vast line of motorcycles, accompanied with branded products and services through the selected market segments. The first objective is attracting customers from the vast younger generation and women. The second objective is achieving a balance existing through empowering the brand and the rising of value. The next objective is engaging in the production of high-quality products and aim at reducing on the customer complaints. Finally, Harley Davidson aims at enhancing operational efficiency while putting focus on the Global Market through engaging towards raising the company’s market shares. 4. Be able to grow into a global enterprise and be able to maintain on the operation basing on a strategic international market with the purpose of supporting the company’s worldwide dealer and distributor networks. There is need to see expansion on the Rider’s Edge as a measure of experiencing the dream of riding The company adopts an Open Door Policy in all of its areas of operations as a measure aimed at encouraging the employee involvement in the initiatives of transforming the company. The second policy is about Protecting Trademarks & Patents. The third policy is Empowering R&D in order to become a leader in the market and develop better products. The final policy is engaging in Climate Change initiatives that are in light with the changing global science and policy. 5. The company provides memorable experiences to its buyers as a measure of developing an intense brand loyalty 6. Engage in building a strong relationship with the suppliers as an initiative of getting quality products and cost reduction. There was an excessive concentration on aging baby boomers and with some current efforts shifting to women and young generation. The strategy aims at increasing the number of sales by teaching this target population how to ride. Secondly, there is a need for providing training for rider

The Red Badge of Courage Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Red Badge of Courage Analysis Essay In the novel, The Red Badge of Courage, a theme shows itself during a battle, in the civil war. It is the battle towards maturity and adulthood. A soldier by the name of Henry Fleming, also known as the youth, shows this theme. However this can be argued, especially about the last scenes in the novel. Henry Fleming is an immature soldier who enlists in the army looking for the Spartan glory he found in stories. â€Å"They might not be distinctly Homeric, but there seemed to be much glory in them. He had read of marches, sieges, conflicts, and he had longed to see it all. † (Pg 6) Henry shows little maturity in his decision to enlist. He looks for a grace amongst death. â€Å"He had grown to regard himself merely as a part of a vast blue demonstration. †(Pg 11) During the beginning of battle he begins to see a broader spectrum in the world. He begins to see that he is not an individual, but a part of a group. Henry begins to find adult hood, he loses some selfishness and begins to look towards others with compassion. He felt the subtle battle brotherhood more potent even than the cause for which he was fighting. † (Pg 56) However, Henry’s immaturity is shown when he deserts a dying soldier and flees from a battle. â€Å"The youth looked at him, could see that he, too, like that other one, was beginning to act dumb and animal-like. † (Pg 44) As Henry leaves the dying tattered solider, he feels remorse, wondering why he was so stupid to abandon his friend. A childish action to say the least. Henry returns to his platoon feeling guilty for his abandonment of both the platoon and the solider. He goes onto be accepted back into the platoon, they are unaware that he abandoned them; he goes on to fight heroically in a battle. After a high-ranking officer makes a derogatory remark about Henry, Henry changes his attitude. He accepts the comment without rebellion and shows respect, which shows his growing maturity. Because of the success of fighting bravely, Henry has the self-esteem to deal with his mistakes as an adult. As a mature solider he can learn from his mistakes. By the end of the novel, Henry has changed and he knows it. He has become a soldier that gained courage, responsibility, and can admit his wrongdoing. He can never make up for deserting the dying soldier, but now entering adulthood he can â€Å"put his sin at a distance. † By gaining new qualities and confronting his cowardice, he is truly mature: â€Å"He felt a quiet manhood, nonassertive but of sturdy and strong blood. He was a man. †

Psychosocial Effects On Dementia Carers

Psychosocial Effects On Dementia Carers Dementia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder which develops as a function of age, typically from 65 years old, with symptoms ranging from personality changes and losses of memory/intellect to severe reductions in mobility. Alzheimers disease is the most prevalent form of dementia (Cooper Greene, 2005). The diverse and deteriorating nature of the dementia process is uncontrollable and dramatically reduces suffers ability to care for themselves independently, resulting in the need to be cared for, predominantly by informal carers, constituting family members; particularly Spouses or children of the dementia sufferer. Consequently, the majority of dementia sufferers remain living at home (Rabins, Mace Lucas, 1982). Undoubtedly the role of caring for a person living with dementia has negative psychological (Dura, Kiecolt-Glaser Stukenberg, 1990) and social effects (Rabins et al.) on carers. However, amount of social support carers receive (Haley, Levine, Brown Bart olucci, 1987), stage of the dementia process (Quinn, Clare, Pearce Dijkhuizen, 2008; Haley Pardo, 1989) and symptoms expressed (Kinney Stephens, 1989) mediate negative psychosocial effects on carers. Psychosocial effects can be also be positive (Andren Elmstahl, 2005), with gender mediation (Fitting, Rabins, Lucas Eastham, 1986). Indirect causes of psychosocial effects on carers are financial strain (OShea, 2003) whilst effects of dementia on society also exist (Wimo, Ljunggren Winblad, 1997). Firstly, in relation to psychological effects on carers of persons living with dementia, research proposes behavioural symptoms expressed by dementia sufferers are the predominant cause of negative effects carers experience. Behavioural symptoms range from embarrassing public behaviour to self-harm, causing carers to be persistently aware of the dementia sufferers actions which subsequently induces psychological effects of stress, anxiety, emotional upset and fatigue on carers (Dura et al., 1990). The dementia sufferers argumentative temperament, violence towards carers and rejecting carers help also augments psychological stress and upset, with exhaustion as dementia sufferers often wake carers at night, augmenting further fatigue and thus stress (Rabins et al., 1982). In consequentially, following extensive periods of care (approximately 74months), psychological well-being of carers reduces dramatically with 30% expressing symptoms of depression, not existent prior to commencement of caring (Dura et al.). Implying, induction of negative psychological effects on carers are a direct consequence of caring for the person with dementia. Secondly, caring for a person with dementia induces negative social effects on carers with an average 30 of 55 carers reporting feeling social-isolated as a consequence of fulltime care, due to restricted time available for social activities/friendships, to insufficient support from family members and also due to leaving fulltime employment, as the work place is a major basis for social-interaction. Considering, carers undergo these major life changes to care for the dementia sufferer it is not surprising they feel socially-isolated, especially when dementia sufferers communication abilities deteriorate (Rabins et al., 1982) and feel ultimately trapped (Gaugler, Anderson, Zarit Pearlin, 2004). Furthermore, social effects on carers elucidate the relationship between caring for dementia sufferers and depression, as social isolation amplifies the probability of carers experiencing depressive symptomology. This is vilified by carers who receive social support, remain in contact with soc ial networks and partake in social activities and consequently report absence of depression, reduced stress and augmented satisfaction (Haley et al., 1987). Thus, effects on carers of persons living with dementia can be psychological and social; psychosocial but appear mediated by carers social situation. The stage of dementia is also primary (Quinn et al., 2008) Thirdly, severity of psychosocial effects on carers of persons living with dementia, appear determined by the stage of dementia. As Quinn et al. (2008) proposed negative psychosocial effects on carers are at their peak of severity during early dementia stages due to drastic changes taking place in carers lives, primarily, adapting to prevalent changes in the dementia sufferer and accepting changes in the relationship with the dementia sufferer with augment carers stress (Burns Rabins, 2000). Conversely, Haley and Pardo (1989) proposed negative psychosocial effects peak during later dementia stages, specifically augmented stress levels and social isolation as carers role becomes increasingly demanding. Particularly, care of daily needs, such as feeding and clothing due to dementia sufferers declining immobility due to the deteriorating progression of dementia. Also anxiety augments with fear of the dementia sufferers looming death (Rabins et al., 1982). Moreover, it is comprehensible both early and latter dementia stages induce negative psychosocial effects on carers, although which stage carers perceive to account for the majority of negative effects relies on individual differences. Especially as some carers conversely report later dementia stages to reduce negative psychosocial effects as behavioural symptoms become less adverse which may, be easier for some carers to cope with. Furthermore, some carers even report satisfaction from aiding daily-needs of immobile dementia sufferers (Kinney Stephens, 1989). However, older carers seemingly experience augmented psychological stress than do younger carers (Kiecolt-Glaser, Dura, Speicher, Trask Glaser, 1991) whereas younger carers experience augmented social-isolation and rage, with all effects appearing worse for women (Fittings et al., 1986). In view of these individual differences, two hypotheses are proposed to account for variability in psychosocial effects experienced by carers. The first;Wear and Tear hypothesis predicts; as symptoms of dementia sufferers worsen, so do carers stress and depression levels, subsequently affecting carers social life, inducing negative psychosocial effects which supports Haley and Pardo (1989) findings as suggestive of later dementia stages inducing greatest negative psychosocial effects on carers. Whereas the second;Adaptation-hypothesis predicts carers adapt to caregiving requirements and subsequently experience reduced stress and increased satisfaction over time, thus reduced negative and increased positive psychosocial effects on carers (Townsend, Noelker, Deimling Bass, 1989). Accordingly, Townsend et al. indeed revealed the majority of adult-child carers; 52% (averaging 47 years old), actually adapted overtime to their caregiving role, supporting earlier dementia stages as inducti ve of the most negative psychosocial effects, which accounted for both centralized and non-centralized caregivers. Although relationship between carer-dementia parent prior to caregiving mediated whether adaptation or declination occurred. Nevertheless, deciphering which carers require support during early or later stages of dementia may aid alleviation of negative psychosocial effects on carers of persons living with dementia (Townsend et al.). Although positive, psychosocial effects on carers are also reported (Andren Elmstahl, 2005). Andren and Elmstahl (2005) report carers experience positive psychosocial effects, specifically, portrayals of positive behaviour and interaction with dementia sufferer is gratifying for carers. Particularly because interaction is gratifying for the dementia sufferer which positively enhances carer mood; decreasing negative psychosocial effects.. Although carers experiencing positive psychosocial effects appear to be those who perceive their caring ability positively and have established coping mechanisms such as talking to others about their feelings; emotion-focused coping and learning more about what dementia is; problem-focused coping/information seeking, particularly decreasing feelings of social isolation (Haley et al., 1987). However the carers Andren and Elmstahl assessed, received help from care nurses and only cared for the dementia sufferer around every two months, thus due to their limited involvement and supplementary support, it is not surprising carers reported augment ed positive as compared to negative psychosocial effects. Further suggesting time involvement as mediating negative psychosocial effects on carers, especially as OShea (2003) reported two-thirds of carers working approximately 80 hours per week caring for the person with dementia; double the average working week, experienced caring to be highly stressful and felt substantial social isolation due to extensive time devoted to caring. Carers reported they would exhibit greater satisfaction by receiving supplementary support allowing reduced working hours, which therefore supports Andren and Elmstahls findings. Although, O Shea reported 73% of carers do receive support from formal carers, suggesting lack of support from family members causes negative psychosocial effects or formal carers being strangers may augment carers stress (Burns Rabins, 2000). Even so, other variables require investigation, particularly financial cost (O Shea, 2003). The cost of caring for a person living with dementia can be up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬630 per week and considering majority of carers leave employment or work fewer hours to care for the dementia sufferer; carers are reported to averagely lose à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬200 per week. Consequently, two-thirds of carers report financial difficulties especially as only 30% of carers receive carers allowance (OShea, 2003), thus inducing psychological stress due to financial strain. Furthermore, caring for a dementia sufferer at home saves society  £6billion per year which stresses the high cost of dementia care being absorbed by carers which undoubtedly increases carers psychological stress. On-the-other-hand carers may merely desire recognition in the form of payment from society for their challenging role as a carer, as it seems stress is induced on carers due to feeling ignored by society (O Shea). Considering many carers stated that they would receive satisfaction from just à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.40 an h our, suggests recognition of carers duties with a small financial payment may convert negative psychosocial effects on carers to positive. Without this payment, society potentially face problems by inheriting the bulk cost of dementia care if carers struggle to cope and resort to early institutionalization of the dementia sufferer, which is reported to cost $166 per day in America (Wimo et al., 1997). On-the-other-hand, institutionalizations may reduce negative psychosocial effects on carers (Gaugler, Pot and Zarit, 2007). Gaugler et al. (2007) reported alleviation of carers psychological stresses associated with daily aiding of dementia sufferers and social effects associated with social isolation due to constant care when dementia sufferers are placed in nursing homes. However these effects are reduced only temporarily as carers consequentially report psychological effects of guilt of institutionalizing the dementia sufferer, which suggests, even after their central role as a carer ends, psychological effects still remain. Although compared to nursing homes, group-living homes are designed to resemble the typical home and Colvez, Joel, Ponton-Sanchez and Royer (2002) found carers to experience less psychological stress associated with guilt when placing the dementia sufferer into group-living homes. Possibly because they are more sociable, granting dementia sufferers a better quality of life which feeds-back positively to carers. However this does not seem consistent for all carers (Boekhorst et al., 2008). Nevertheless, group-living homes may be an intervention to reduce negative psychosocial effects on carers. Interventions are also essential, particularly as co-existence of negative psychosocial effects on carers appear to enhance probability of physiological effects on carers such as ill health (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1991). Moreover, carers may benefit from training in how to effectively care for a dementia sufferer and knowledge of the nature of the dementia deterioration may make caregiving less stressful by increasing carers awareness and predictability of the dementia process (OShea, 2003). Personally, assigning a mentor to carers may teach effective ways of caring whilst simultaneously providing them with support, attacking both psychological and social effects on carers of persons living with dementia. Although individual carer assessments may be needed to ensure interventions are targeted at reducing the psychosocial effects particular carers experience (Rabins et a l., 1982). Overall, it is prominent that caring for persons living with dementia is a demanding role with various, predominantly negative psychological (stress and depression) and social effects (social isolation) on carers. Although there is no unified theory accountable for all carers which can predict definite psychosocial effects that will be experienced by all carers, as no single individual or situation is identical. Multiple variables have emerged which appear to mediate psychosocial effects on carers, particularly carers received level of social support (Haley et al., 1987), the stage of dementia (Quinn et al., 2008; Haley Pardo, 1989) and the symptoms expressed (Kinney Stephens, 1989). Although individuals adopting coping mechanisms appear more likely to experience positive psychological effects (satisfaction) and positive social effects (interaction with the patient) of caring for a person living with dementia. Although Indirect mediators; not directly related to the dementia suffer per se; financial cost of caregiving, induce stress due to financial strain. Future research needs to decipher carers at risk of experiencing negative psychosocial effects and subsequently address interventions aimed at reducing negative psychosocial effects to reduce probability of carers developing not only mental deterioration (depression) but also physiological deterioration (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1991).

How Inclusion Came to Be :: essays papers

How Inclusion Came to Be When children have a learning disability there are two different ways for them to be taught. One is an out of the classroom approach where children with disabilities receive extra help with a specialist separate from the regular classroom. There are also schools that only have children that are disabled and cater to only the different needs of a child with a disability. In the approach where children with disabilities are separated from non-disabled children, the child spends half the day in the mainstream classroom and half of the day separated and excluded from the mainstream classroom (Odom 2002). As a result of this approach schools did not have the appropriate funding for the extra teachers needed to provide a separate learning classroom. This problem leads to public schools denying children with disabilities access to the facilities that are offered in a regular classroom, hence segregating the children with disabilities from the mainstream children (Lewis, 1999). In 1975 the Education for all Handicapped Children’s Act (later renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act abbreviated IDEA) was passed in reaction the problem of students being segregated. This act was written to make sure that all handicapped children would have access to free education including special education. The law emphasizes that children with disabilities be educated with non-disabled children (Daniel 1997). The act gave parents the right to choose how their disabled child will be educated whether it be a pull out program or and inclusive program with non-disabled children (Become 2003). This act gave way to inclusion, which is the second approach to educating children with disabilities. Inclusion is the "integration of a disabled student in a regular classroom with the necessary aids and services" (Daniel 1997). Student Views on Inclusion Since inclusion started there has been controversy on whether or not inclusion helps the children more than the pull-out program. There have been many different experiments that have studied the effects of student’s performances in inclusion programs and in pull out programs. In one specific study done in Iowa by the Council for Exceptional Children, students with a specific learning disability were sent to two different middle schools to participate in an 8th grade classroom. The two schools differed in only one way, and that was one was an inclusive school, the Enterprise, and one was a regular mainstream school, the Voyager.

Report on the Case Study Tata Steel’s Ehtics Essay

Executive Summary The gender balance group was given a case study into Tata’s contribution to ethical business practices and sustainability to investigate into. The ten (10) member group shared the research questions amongst themselves for effective and efficient exercise. The group researched into the general view of ethical business practices as behavioral moral values and principles that determine our conducts in the business world. It went deeper to expanciate that, this ethics is applied in various aspect of the business’ â€Å"life†. These include: production process, employees, customers, shareholders, the government and business competitors. The enforcement of this practice goes beyond the provision of code of corporate ethics. Considering both the public and business perspective of sustainability which goes beyond corporate responsibility to the environmental impact of a business’ operations, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) provides an accurate tool for analyses than carbon footprint of the user phase. This actually takes the true environmental impact of the product from the ‘cradle to the grave’ into consideration. Though this process may be quiet cumbersome, both the business and the environment enjoy a great deal of benefits. Tata contribution towards ethical and sustainable practices is evident in all its activities. It has been able use LCA to produce light metals for the production of cars thereby reducing the amount of CO2 emission. Introduction Steel is a product that is widely used in almost every area of our modern life. It plays a key role in the world’s infrastructure. Tata Steel first established in India is the second largest steel manufacturing industry in the Europe. Its steel products are widely used in the construction industry, aerospace, rail, packaging etc. Tata Steel’s case study into its ethical and sustainability practice was to be addressed by our group – GROUP 27. The group began a series of meetings immediately after its formation. In other to ensure efficient and timely exercise, different tasks were assigned to members and the group leader was unanimously nominated. The questions involved were segmented and given to each member to research on. Data was then collated from various sources and sent the central pull for the preparation of slides and for subsequent presentation on the stipulated date. This report seeks to establish the sources of information for Tata’s ethical and sustainability practices. Key theoretical issues concerning ethical and how a business could use sustainability practice to compete was also given attention to. Since the research was conducted by a group, individuals’ contribution was assessed towards the works completion. Further, my personal observation in relation to the assignment and the knowledge gained were brought to bear. Conclusion from the study was then drawn to evaluate the success or otherwise of the whole exercise. Sources of Information The information gathered was from two main sources – books and the internet. Much information was gathered from Tata’s website which gave me much insight into the research. This actually provided me with Tata’s history, competitors, huge Corporate Social Responsibilities, business ethics and core values among others. Other websites gave me the information about a holistic view of business ethics and Life Cycle Assessment as well. In addition a couple of reading materials including books and journals augmented to the profound knowledge of the general view of ethical behavior and sustainability. Individual Contribution The research questions ware sub- divided into smaller fragments and each member was assigned a question to research on. Personally I contributed to answering the question of ethical business practices. George Chryssides and John Kaler gave their view as to why businesses should adopt ethical business practices. Materials obtained from the internet suggested that business ethics is applied in all areas of the business including production processes, human resource, shareholders, the community, the government and customers alike. I went further to elaborate on some unethical business practices and what organisations can to do for its enforcement. This gave us much insight to ethical business practices. The outcome was warmly received by members and they profoundly understood the concept and how it was even related to Tata Steel. I was nominated to lead the presentation and the design of the sequence of actions that was to be followed during the presentation was part of my responsibility. On my part, I was to explain what business ethics was, what unethical business practice was and how it could be enforced in an organisation. Theoretical Issues The main objective of the research was to understand business ethical practices, how sustainability could help a business to compete and how Tata Steel had contributed towards such acts. While the objective of any business is to make profits, it should contribute towards the interest of the society by ensuring fair practices. This in effect improve cooperate social responsibility, increase consumer confidence and protect brand values in other to gain competitive advantage. Theoretically, issues concerning ethical business practice and sustainability with particular attention to LCA were of great concern to the research. Ethical business practices are standard behavior of moral values and principles that determine business’ conduct in the business world. Ethical practice takes care of the investor. It is to ensure that the dividends payable to the investor is in safe hands and in good time. Production methods should be environmentally sustainable and everybody involved either directly or indirectly is unduly harmed. Also, it takes into account the health and safety as well as the value of the human capital. Sustainability practice of an organization focuses on the balance between the maximizing shareholders value, honouring the environmental and social responsibilities. For Tata Steel, its sustainability naturally follows its core value of ethics. In all this areas of the challenge, the environmental responsibility happens to be of great concern due to its relationship with the Carbon Footprint. However, findings revealed that LCA provides a more powerful tool to tackling CO2 emission including all phases from production to disposal of material. Even though a holistic LCA is data intensive and time consuming procedure, it enormous benefit ranges from a safer environmental impact, the financial benefit through the knowledge of the resale value at each stage of products life and helps business to gain completive advantage. Research Conclusion From Tata’s case study it was agreed that whereas some businesses do not take ethical issues seriously, Tata steel could be one of the best companies who efficiently and effectively practice business ethics and sustainability. A critical evaluation revealed that the company’s ethical business practice and sustainability is far big thing to write home about. This can be seen in the company’s integrity, understanding of its stakeholders, excellence in business operations, force of unity among employees and corporate responsibility delivered to the society. Personal Observation After researching into the ethical business practices and sustainability using the case study of Tata Steel, some observations were made in relation to the group assignment. Ethical business practices and sustainability has a wider view than I anticipated and has rather broad importance to the business and the society at large. Considering ethical business practices, it was observed that the business has a rather big responsibility to all its stakeholders. It was astonishing to notice that this responsibility is discharged to all those who are directly or indirectly affected by the business. It is somewhat a herculean task for businesses to take care of all its stake holders while maximising shareholders value. However the business enjoys enormous benefits in return of their good deeds. In the light of sustainability, the broader spectrum of LCA was noticed. Though LCA suffers some amount of criticism, a greater number of businesses find it very useful for itself and the environment as well. From Tata’s case study, it became evident that much importance is attached to the whole life cycle than just carbon footprint On a whole, ethical behavior and sustainability in Business operations promote trust and confidence to the consumers and the society in which it operates. These go to promote a good business environment for growth and development opportunities for the company. Knowledge Gained The assignments brought a number of issues to my knowledge. These came from practical activities we undertook and the academic research we embarked on. Practically the effectiveness of division of labour was the first practical knowledge I uncounted. When members were assigned specific task for the presentation, it was surprising to notice that each and every one did what is expected of them making it easier for our preparation. As a team leader, I realised it was always helpful to be a good listener to acknowledge the views of others before making necessary suggestions. This was very crucial since the group encompasses members from different nationals and cultural backgrounds. In the academic wise, the research made me realise that ethical business practice and sustainability go a long way to benefit all the stakeholders involved. In most businesses, the sustainability practice naturally follows its ethical practices. My attention has totally shifted from carbon footprint to the direction of Life Cycle Assessment due to its immense benefits. This powerful tool (where a products environmental impact is assessed considering all the stages of a products life from cradle- to- grave) when implemented by all businesses could contribute immensely to win the war against the climatic change. Impact of Individual Contribution Every member contributed positively to the success of the work. As a group leader, I managed to successfully chair all meetings and made sure specific tasks were timely met. I was to address the issue of ethical business practices. Since I played the leading role in the presentation, the team’s expectation for a good start was met and that encourage the rest of the presentation team to follow suite. The data collection manager successfully gathered all data for the slide preparation. During the presentation, the following action points emanated from my individual contribution: 1. Definition of ethical business practices 2. Areas of ethical business practices 3. Examples of unethical business practices 4. Enforcement of ethical practices Remarks Though the exercise could not be said to enjoy 100% success, one cannot say that it was a failure. The exercise was a bit challenging to the group. Deciding on the times and venue for the various meetings for instance was not easy to be agreed upon. For most instances meetings were held 45mins later than the agreed time. This however did not demoralised us from pursuing our course and we were able to complete the task on time. The effectiveness of our communication tool kept us on our toes and ‘data collection gateway’ was a good thing to wright home about. Text messages, emails and phone calls were put to effective use. Furthermore, every member of the group had an in-depth knowledge of ethical practice and sustainability from the various discussions held. We have learnt how to work together as a team and most importantly how to tolerate others. I personally have profound knowledge of Tata Steel Group’s, ethical practices, sustainability and it’s cooperate social responsibilities. References Chryssides, G.D and Kaler, J.H, Introduction to Business Ethics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1993. Fisher C., Lovel A. (2009). Business Ethics and Values. 3rd ed. England. Pearson Education Limited. 9-17, 338-359 Shaw W.H. Berry V. (2010). Moral Issues in Business11th ed. USA. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 370-380 http://www.stonecourses.net/environment/benelca.html http://tatasteelindia.com/corporate/ethics/business-ethics.asp http://www.tata.com/article.aspx?artid=XL+n3uN42cQ= .

Child Factors Essay

The first child factor that was found out to be the source of challenging Behavior is Temperament (Douglas, 1989, p. 3). Bates 1980 as cited from Douglas (1989, p. 3-4) have defined temperament as having a â€Å"constitutional basis†, in addition, such a behavior is perceived to appear even in early childhood, and could even persist on the latter part of one’s life. In addition, it is perceived as to be one of the â€Å"definable characteristics of the individual† and finally, is greatly affected by the environment. Thomas et al (1968) and Thomas and Chess (1977) as cited from Douglas (1989, p.4) claimed that there are two types of temperamental characteristics in children. The first is the difficult temperament child and the second is the easy temperament child (p. 5). The first cluster involves children who are â€Å"negative in mood, avoid/withdraw, non-rhythmical and settle slowly† (Douglas, 1989, p. 5). On the other hand, easily temperament children are more â€Å"positive in mood, approach new events and people, rhythmical in schedule and adjust quickly to new surroundings (p. 5). In addition with this, the temperamental difficulty has been viewed by the research of Thomas et al (1983) as cited from Douglas (1989, p.5) as something that is biological in nature, as it has been perceived as part of a child’s biological make up. However, criticisms emerge if such a temperamental behavior indeed stem out of the child’s biology or is a result of the mother’s perception among the child. Tomas et al has claimed that there might be a so-called â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecies† that mothers bestow among their children, every time that they perceive their child as badly tempered; most especially on the early days of childhood (Bates, 1980 as cited from Douglas, 1989, p. 4-5).